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- PublicationAn Analysis of Financial Costs and Returns of Solar-energy ElectricityProduction and Sale: The Case of Nakhon Ratchasima Province(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 2012)
;Patangmongkol, NattidaUniversity of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolThe electricity energy is one of the most important basic factors for human living. It drives thecountry’s economic and social developments. Meanwhile electricity demand rapidly increases, its productionfactors decrease. Therefore, the National Energy Policy Office and the Electricity Generating Authority ofThailand have tried to look for alternative energies, which are non-destructive for the environment,to substitute for fuel energies. The government itself is currently supporting Very Small Power Producers(VSPPs) who are able to produce and distribute less-than-10-megawatt electricity with renewable energy.Of all the VSPPs, those who produce and distribute solar-energy electricity rank the top, given thegovernment’s highest adder (extra-money) buying ratio of the solar energy. The support is grounded onfree, non-polluted and environmental-friendly qualities of the solar energy. The present study carries out the analysis of financial costs and returns of a 6-megawattmulti-crystalline solar-energy electricity production project in Nakhonratchasima Province, where solar-energyelectricity production is flourish.The project life is set at 25 years, with the highest commercial bank lendinginterest rate of 8.85% as a discount rate for the study. The study proves the project is worthwhile forinvestment, according to different financial measures: The project’s NPV is positive; the B/C ratio is more than1; the IRR is higher than the borrowing interest rate; the payback period is 8 years 1 month and 13 days.Sensitivity analyses, including a 5% rise in costs with fixed returns, a 5% of reduction in returns with fixedcosts and a 5% rise in both costs and returns, also prove the project worth investing.7 91 - PublicationAn Analysis of Personal Income Tax Structure and Its Revenue Forecast(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1994)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolRevenue from personal income tax is one of major sources of government tax revenue in many countries. It is collected at source. The tax incidence is theoretically borne by tax payers. Any attempt to improve the personal income tax structure is expected to result in an increase in revenue from direct tax. To this effect, the government will have ample leeway to introduce new measures to further development the economy. The main objectives of this thesis are twofold. First, the study analyses changes in the personal income tax structure in Thailand from 1981-1993 including their impacts on the Thai economy. Secondly, the study attempts to utilize econometric model to forecast the personal income tax revenue. The empirical study is based on secondary data from 1977-1993. The model comprises two modules. One is for income tax and the other is for macro-economic relationship. The highlight of the study can be elucidated as follows. It finds that the average tax paid per person increased from 3,579 Baht to 15,270 Baht from 1981 to 1993. In addition, the GDP elasticity of personal income tax from interest is 2.69%. Finally, the model predicts that the growth rate of personal income tax revenue will markedly decline. As a result, this can send an alarming signal to the Thai government especially the Ministry of Finance.14 149 - PublicationAn Analysis of the Market Structure and Behavior of Competition of the Detergent Industry of Thailand(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1994)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolThe objectives of the study were to examine the market structure and the producers' behavior of competition in the detergent industry in Thailand. The data were primary data from wholesalers and retailers, and secondary data from producers, Ministry of Commerce, Bank of Thailand and related journals. The analysis of eleven year data from 1982 to 1992 by market concentration ratio showed that the detergent industry market was oligopolistic consisting of 3 big producers and 4 small producers. The average market concentration ratios were gradually declining during last few years because a small producer was producing a concentrated detergent and selling to consumers. The big producers had once collectively bargained the government to set higher retail prices for them and so they all set the same highest ceiling retail prices. The competing was thus performed by containing more extra volume and sometimes by reducing wholesale prices. The price leader follower and leader without follower policies were alternately introduced to the wholesale market. The recommendations were as follows: The government should recognise the quality of the standard products from many produces and convinces the customers that those brands are the same standard quality. By this mean the market share will be distributed to smaller producers. For the big producers, they should agree to reduce the advertisement budgets in order to reduce their costs without reducing sale volumes. By this policy, the retail prices will be reduced together with the same or higher profits to big producers.21 140 - PublicationAn Analysis of the Relationship Between Ornament Gold Prices and Related Factors For the Years 1980-1991(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1993)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolThe objectives of this study are: 1. To use correlation analysis to analyse the effects of the following factors on the ornament gold prices in the Bangkok market: 1.1 Average price of bullion gold in foreign markets. 1.2 Money supply. 1.3 Consumers price index in Bangkok. 1.4 Service charges. 1.5 Interest rates. 1.6 Crude oil prices. 1.7 Gold importation. 1.8 Money exchange rate.2.To use stepwise multiple regression to determine which factors significant affect the ornament gold prices in the Bangkok market.These factors will be determined by analysing data from following three situations: 1.Data for the years 1980-1991. 2.Data for the years 1980-1988 when gold import were prohibited. 3.Data for the years 1989-1991 when gold imports were allowed.1. Analysis of data for the years 1980-1991 The results indicated that the average price of bullion gold in foreign markets, money exchange rates, service charges, crude oil prices, and gold importation affected the ornament gold prices in the Bangkok market. The relationship among these factors can be expressed by the following multiple regression equation: = -2562.96787 + 1.29537x1 +0.68799x8 - 0.34245x4 -0.11125x6 + 0.55431x2 - 0.37348x7The coefficient of determination R2 is 0.89682 which implies that the factors affected the ornament gold prices in the Bangkok market by 89.682%2. Analysis of data for the years 1980-1988The results in this situation (the period during which gold importation was prohibited) indicated that the same factors as above affected the ornament gold prices in the Bangkok market. The multiple regression equation is: = -5383.10516 + 1.17727x1 +0.54998x3 +0.09351x4 + 0.21088x5 + 0.10559x6 + 0.14691x2The coefficient of determination R2 is 0.96278 which implies that the factors affected the ornament gold prices in the Bangkok market by 96.27%.3. Analysis of data for the years 1989-1991 During this three-year period, gold could be imported. The results indicated that the factors which affected the ornament gold prices were changed. The factors affecting gold prices during this period were the consumer price index in Bangkok, the average price of bullion gold in foreign markets and service charges. The multiple regression equation that express the relationship is: = 5900.09574 - 0.47275x3 + 0.43865x1 - 0.25047x4The coefficient of determination R2 is 0.94377 which implies that the factors affected the ornament gold prices in the Bangkok market by 94.377%.5 149 - PublicationAn Analytical of Factors Affecting on the Adjustments of Oil Retail Price in Thailand(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 2002)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolThe purpose of this thesis is to study the price determination structure, important factors affecting and the short run speed when factors are changed of oil retail price in Thailand. I have studied gasoline octane 95, gasoline octane 91 and high speed diesel during January 1996-December 2000. The cointegration and error correction model are used for estimated oil retail price.3 37 - PublicationAnalysis of Thailand's Current Account (1972-1999)(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1999)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolThe current account has held an importance for the Thai economy management in the sense that it reflects the international trade and investment situation. In the past, Thailand had a long experience of a deficit in the current account, which shakes the stability of Thai economy over decades. It was not until 1998, after the country was hard hit by the economic crisis causing a change in exchange rate regime in which it lead to a large depreciation in domestic currency, that Thailand for the first time has seen the surplus in this account. The objective of this study is to investigate factors that might be influence on the determination of current account of Thailand, by utilizing the data between 1972 to 1996. The study will disaggregately estimate the equations that determine the balances in international trade, service and revenues, and compare the forecasting capability of the model with that of received from the aggregated analysis.8 41 - PublicationCost and Benefit Analysis of Waste Water Treatment: A project of South Klong Pram Pram Prachakorn(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1998)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolThis thesis is a cost - benefit analysis on waste water treatment, a case study of South Klong Pram Prachakorn waste water resulting from an increase of water pollution in many Klongs around Bangkok. The objectives of the study are to analyze methods of waste water treatment, cost and return in terms of financial and economic in comparison with a water treatment managed by residents, and to analyze whether this project is feasible and utilizing existing resources efficiently.16 30 - PublicationDeterminant Factors for the Concentration of the Petroleum Products Retail Business in Thailand(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1994)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolThe study of Determinent Factors for the Concentration of Petroleum Product Retails in Thailand was based on information during 1988-1992. Two indicators, Concentration Ratio and Herfindahl Index, were used to measure the level of Concentration of petroleum retail market. In addition, many factors included market share,number of service station,advertisement,assets and government policies were determined to study the cause-effect of the Concentration among four major companies, PTT, Shell, Esso and Caltex. From the study, Concentration ratio of the four major companies of gasoline and premium gasoline (plus ulg) trended to decline continuously. This was also applicable for high speed-diesel but the lower rate. The factors that impacted concentration ratio are classified into two categories, company factors and government policies. Company factors include service stations, price and advertisement with strategies of lower selling price and more number of service station, the big companies are able to occupy more market share. However, advertisement seemed to be reduced and this effect market portion of petroleum retailing business. According to the study,government policy was a significant impact of Concentration. After liberlizing petroleum business, the concentration ratio was reduced caused by more new entrances. From the study of growth rate of the business, premium gasoline (plus ulg) have the highest rate among three products. Secondly and lastly were hi-speed diesel and regular gasoline. In terms of individual firm, PTT had the best trend, Shell was the leader in premium gasoline (plus ulg). Esso lost its position in regular gasoline and hi-speed diesel. The figures show that PTT became the first in hi-speed diesel and regular gasoline sale.9 109 - PublicationDeterminants of Demand for International Tourisms: A Case Study of Thailand(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1995)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolTourism has recently played a significant role to the economic development of Thailand. Tourists pay great contributions to economic growth as well as income distribution. Furthermore, tourists also help country maintaining a surplus in its balance of payments. Thus, tourism study is considered as an important and significant guideline for Thailand's tourism development. The purpose of this study is to clarify which factors have impacts toward tourist expenditures. The study has selected the first and the second countries from each region, which contributed more than 3% of total income from tourists for Thailand. They are Australia, England, Germany, Japan, Malaysia and United States.2 55 - PublicationEconomic Analysis of Maize Production in Prachin Buri Province 1991/92 Crop Year(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1992)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolMaize is an important cash crop of the country, for both the domestic consumption as animal feed and export. It is therefore necessary to improve production efficiency and quality of Maize in order to meet local and export demands. The Seventh National Economic and Social Development Plan Promotes the use of good varieties to increase Maize Production in Thailand. The objective of this study is to analyze this economics of maize production in Prachin Buri Province in 1991/92 Crop Year by estimating production function, technical and economic efficiency of input use. In addition cost and return analysis of maize production classified by hybrid and Suwan varieties obtained from 104 maize growers was all analyzed. Cobb-Douglas production function was employed to analyze the relationships between maize yield and farm input namely labor Explicit Costs for fertilizer, chemicals and varieties used. The result of the analysis revealed that all farm inputs significantly determined maize yield with elasticities for hybrid and Suwan Varieties of 0.2635, 0.2311 and 0.4221, 0.8355 for cash expenses and labor respectively. The economic efficiency of input used showed that both groups of farmers who used hybrid and Suwan Varieties should increase the use of cost expenses and labor in order to obtain maximum profit. The cost and return analysis showed that total cost of production of the farmers who used hybrid variety was higher than Suwan Variety at B937.51/rai compared to B654.86. However, due to higher yield in hybrid variety,the net return from using hybrid was B604.43/rai compared to B418.96/rai of Suwan Variety. In conclusion, the use of good need varies in conjunction with good management and appropriate level of inputs used will definitely increase maize yield, reduce cost per unit and increase farm income.13 153 - PublicationEconomic Analysis of Young Corn Production in Amphoe Tarmaka, Karnchanaburi Province, 1993/94 Crop Year(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1994)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolYoung corn is one of the vegetable crops that begins to play more important role in Thai economy. Beside providing a fairly high return to farmers, young corn is also another crop that supports the agro-industry for export with hundreds of millions in annual exporting earning. According to the Sixth National Economic and Social Development Plan (1987-1991), the government has categorized young corn as one of the industrial crops under immediate improvement and accelerating. However,present export value of young corn declines because the competing countries have the lower cost of production. Moreover, production from Thailand seems to be uncertain and lower quality. The objectives of this study are (1) to estimate the young corn production function and economic efficiency of inputs used in young corn production. (2) to consider the cost and return of young corn for the small farm with the planted area less than 2.5 rai and large farm. (3)to know the marketing channel of young corn at local market level. The study was conducted in Amphoe Tarmaka of Karnchanaburi province covering 1993/94 crop year. Data were obtained from 105 random sample farms. The results from Cobb-Douglas production function model indicated that the variables affected the production change in crop year such as human labor and cash capital expenses on fertilizers, chemicals, fuel oil and electricity expenses could be used significantly to explain young corn production changes. Considering the elasticity of young corn production function, human labor has the partial elasticity of production of 0.5929 while cash expense on fertilizers, chemicals, fuel oil and electricity has the partial elasticity of production of 0.0745. In measuring the efficiency use of each factor, it was found that both farmers in small farm and large farm could increase their human labor since the ratio of value of marginal product and factor price were greater than one but reduce cash expenses on fertilizers, chemicals, fuel oil and electricity, in order to reach the proper utilization of factors and obtain higher profit. The result of cost and return analysis indicated that the young corn production cost of the small farm and the large farm were 2,537.21 and 2,559.24 baht per rai respectively. However, yield per rai of the large farm was higher than the small farm at 1,381 kg.in the small farm. Therefore, large farm earned higher net profit at 1,137.27 bath per rai compared to 946.50 baht per rai in small farm group. In conclusion, the good management in conjunction with appropriate level of inputs used will definitely increase young corn per rai,reduce cost per unit and increase net farm income.2 125 - PublicationEstimation of Manpower and Manpower Qualifications of Thai Commercial Banks(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1995)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolA study on Estimation of manpower and manpower qualifications of Thai commercial banks was aimed to estimate of manpower by factors that determine the number of manpowers and the study was divided according to size of bank and the whole bank system. A study was covered manpower qualifications. A study on estimation of manpower used second data to analyze with stepwise method to build the suitable model for forecasting the number of manpowers during the years 1994-1998. The model composed of factors that impact on number of manpowers. They were economic growth, expansion of banking business, profitability, employee benefits, job resignation, technology and manpower productivity. Those factors were replaced by proxy variables. Result of the study showed the factors that determined the numbers of manpower required by the large size Thai commercial banks were number of branches, number of resigned employees and manpower productivity, the medium size Thai commercial banks were number of branches, number of ATM's and manpower productivity. The small size Thai commercial banks were gross domestic products, number of branches, and manpower productivity. The whole banking system were number of resigned employees and manpower productivity. The model showed number of manpower according to size of banks and the whole banking system increased in a diminishing rate. Proxy variables showed the same direction with the required number of manpowers, except the manpower productivity and ATM's Manpower productivity variable and ATM's variable were considered the major factors. A study of manpower qualifications used primary data they were collected by qualified questionnaire from 233 samples. The study showed the 12 sections of whole bank system required primary qualification regardless of sex and school, and also required who got a bachelor degree in accounting. Suitable age should be 18-25. The other four qualifications were academic, interpersonal skills and self-development, personalities, and work performance and career development. These qualifications were required by the 12 sections of whole bank system and interpersonal skill was a first priority. These four qualifications were broken down in 53 items, and honesty was the best item.16 55 - PublicationFactors Affecting Concentration Ratio in Non-life Insurance Business(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1992)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolThe major objective of this thesis is the analysis of the concentration ratio in the non-life insurance sector. Factors affecting concentration in non-life insurance will also be studied. Chapter 1 emphasizes the role of the non-life insurance sector and the study of factors affecting the concentration ratio. Methodology and the usefulness of this study are also given attention in this section. Chapter 2 looks at the history of non-life insurance in Thailand. Included are factors governing the structure of the market,as well as government authority imposed on this business. Chapter 3 the concentration method,in particular the Absolute Concentration Ratio and the Herfindahl Index, was applied to the problems of concentration in non-life insurance in Thailand. Additionally, this chapter introduces the statistical method used to calculate the equation showing the factors affecting the concentration ratio. In the case of this study,a regression analysis has been employed. Chapter 4 the results of the study reveal the nature of the relationship between the concentration ratio and the relevant factors. The study itself imposes economics theory and the principles of applied statistics on the facts.That is,the equations are built on historical data,each following specific objectives.The statistical test mentioned in chapter 3 is a simple equation adding one variable at a time.It demonstrates an increasing relationship between the concentration ratio and variable factors. Chapter 5 presents the summary of results and recommendation. This study uses secondary data from the Insurance Department, General Insurance Association, Bank of Thailand, Thai Farmers Bank and other sources over the period 1982-1991. Secondary data from this period is used because it is readily available and has more accuracy. The calculations are based on estimated values. The variances should be minimized and the standard coefficient, the result is more significant and vice versa if the variance becomes larger. To set up the hypothesis using F-test values, all coefficients of independent variables equal zero. With regard to the acceptability of the hypothesis, if all coefficients are not equal, t-test value will be considered by referring to the coefficient of determination or R2. If the value of R2 is high, then the dependent variable. This effects still unexplained in that equation are only minor. The analysis of concentration using the Absolute concentration ratio shows that Non-life Insurance Business is concentrated among ten dominant firms, who share more than 50% of the total market leaving the remainder divided among the other 51 companies. Using the Herfindahl index, the calculated value of Herfindahl was greater than the minimum value of Herfindahl for the non-life insurance industry. This gives an indication of the concentration in the large companies. In other words,the value of Herfindahl calculated for the large companies was greater than that for the mid-sized and small companies when using the minimum value of Herfindahl for the non-life insurance sector as a benchmark. The factors with the greatest impact on concentration in the case of the 10 dominant firms in the study, in order from greatest to least,are bank loans,number of homes,per capita income and the value of exports. The part of the study focusing on lines of business such as fire insurance shows that the major impacting factors, in order, are bank loans,number of agents and the number of homes. The four factors affecting the concentration ratio in marine and transportation insurance are bank loans, value of import, number of agents and value of exports. With motor insurance, the only two impacting factors, in order, are capita income and the number of agents.Miscellaneous insurance is affected, in order, by number of homes, per capita income and bank loans. The study also shows that the companies studied are affected by funds, assets and advertising, in order, The study also proposes guidelines for the solving of the problem of concentration in a few companies in the non-life insurance sector. This involves merging smaller cpmpanies to increase their market potential.6 142 - PublicationFactors Affecting Demand for Liquid Petroleum Gas in Thailand(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 2009)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolLPG is a fuel that is widely used in household, industrial and service, andtransportation sectors. In the past, LPG production satisfied domestic demand.However, rapidly increased consumption recently causes the import of LPG since 2008.The objectives of this paper are (1) to understand factors that affect demand ofLPG in Thailand, (2) to understand the price and demand structures of LPG, and (3) toprovide policy recommendations to the government for LPG management. The dataused in this paper is the monthly data from January 2003 to December 2008, the totalof 72 observations.13 115 - PublicationFactors Affecting Supply of Sugar Cane in Thailand(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1995)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolThe objectives of the study are to investigate the current status of production and marketing of sugar cane in Thailand from the production year of 1976/77 to present, to identify the factors affecting supply of sugar cane in Thailand and to suggest the means and ways for developing production and marketing of sugar cane in Thailand. The supply equations of sugar cane were estimated by ordinary least squares method. On the supply side,the supply of sugar cane was divided into two equations 1 planted area and yield per rai equations. The estimated results showed that the current planted area of sugar cane in every region was depending on its planted area in the previous year, the planted area of sugar cane for the last two years and the admitted purchasing price of sugar mill for the previous year. From the study showed that the elasticity of the current planted area of sugar cane for the whole country with respect to the changing of its planted area in the last two years was -0.2652. For the short run and long run elasticity of the current planted area for the whole country with respect to the changing of the admitted purchasing price of sugar mill for the previous year were 0.3332 and 1.8655 respectively. The elasticity of the current planted area of sugar cane with respect to the changing of its previous planted area in the eastern region was the highest of 1.1039. Next, in the central, northern and northestern regions were 1.0869, 1.0048 and 0.9703 respectively. The elasticity of the current planted area of sugar cane with respect to the changing of the planted area for the last two years in the eastern, central, northern and northeastern regions were 0.2881, -0.2806, -0.2366 and -0.2220 respectively. The short run elasticity of the current planted area of sugar cane with respect to the previous changing of the admitted purchasing price of sugar mill in the eastern region was the highest of 0.5856. Then in the northeastern, northern and central regions were 0.5608, 0.4780 and 0.1552 respectively. The long run elasticity of the current planted area of sugar cane with respect to the previous changing of the admitted purchasing price of sugar mill in the eastern region was the highest of 3.2785.Then in the northeastern,northern and central regions were 3.1399, 2,6765 and 0.8692 respectively. In case of yield per rai,the results showed that the current yield per rai in every region was depending on the admitted purchasing price of sugar mill in the previous year, the total current rain quantity in the planted areas of sugar cane provinces and the total current chemical fertilizer quantity in the planted areas of sugar cane. The elasticity of the current yield per rai of sugar cane for the whole country with respect to the the changing of the admitted purchasing price of sugar mill i the previous year was 0.4097, with respect to the total current rain quantity in the planted area of sugar cane was 0.2799 and respect to the total current chemical fertilizer quantity was 0.1314. The elasticity of the current yield per rai of sugar cane with respect to the admitted purchasing price of sugar mill in the previous year in the northeastern region was the highest of 0.4404. Then, in the northern, eastern and central region were 0.4340, 0.3942 and 0.3772 respectively. The elasticity of the current yield per rai of sugar cane with respect to the changing of the total current rain quantity in the northern region was the highest of 0.3939. Then, in the central, eastern and northeastern regions were 0.2977, 0.2257 and 0.2049 respectively. The decrease the planted areas of sugar cane, the government should arrange the specific planted areas by considering the appropriate environment, such as setting the planted areas close to the sugar mill with good transportation. In addition, the government should also consider the suitable production capacity of the sugar mill. To increase the yield per rai, the government should development the irregation areas for the planted areas of sugar cane. Moreover, the government should promote to researching and developing the quality of sugar cane as well as the product efficiency technique in order to educate farmers for the right production process and pursue them to consider in improving the high yield per rai of sugar cane rather than expanding only the planted areas.5 61 - PublicationFactors Determining Loan Interest Rate of Thai Commercial Banks(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1998)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolThe purpose of this thesis is to study internal and external factors influencing loan interest rate of Thai Commercial Banks. It emphasizes on the time before and after financial liberalization policy. The Sebastian Edwards and Mohsin S.Khan's financial model is used. This model is based on the theory that set the form of Thai financial system as semi-open economy which interest rate is determined by both internal variables and external variables.4 27 - PublicationFactors Effecting the Capability to Earn Profit Earning of Thai Commercial Banks(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1994)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolThe study in factors effecting the capability to earn profit of Thai commercial banks the purpose is to study the importance of factors effecting profit earning of Thai commercial banks and showing the efficiency in administering the assets of the commercial banks, by dividing the study into 3 group, large, medium and small banks. This is because each group of bank has different asset and each bank has different standard or strategy, making the capability and efficiency of operation, including return from the investment to be different. The capability to earn profit by Thai commercial banks may be studied from the rate of return to the asset which cause income. From the 3 groups of commercial banks, it will be found that large commercial bank has higher return and at high rate, showing the capacity in administering the assets or the advantages from economy according to the size, while the medium size bank has rate of return to asset which create income lower than other groups of bank, because the administration of asset of the commercial bank in this group is faced with the problem making the profit to decrease. However, the group of small bank has rate of return which is very efficient. Thus, the capability to earn profit by the commercial bank in each will be different, depending upon the administration of the assets of the bank. In analysing the relationship between administration of assets and capability to earn profit of Thai commercial bank, the model used in the study is based upon the PROEA as instrument to measure the profit earning of the commercial banks or as deviation and the factors in earning profit by commercial banks are independent deviator, being BDLOAN, BOLOAN, EQLOAN, RATIOL, RATIOI, MKS, FBI, GFEI, OEI and SP, by multiple Regression Analysis and estimate by means of OLS, Multiple Linear Regress Formula, and use the data of 15 Thai commercial banks between 1984-1993 by dividing the banks into 3 groups. The result of the study found that Regressing Formula of large bank is reliable, due to the efficiency value of the independent deviators are many with level of importance in statistics. The medium banks, the Regression Formula calculated is of lower reliability and the independent deviator has less influence on the deviation. The small bank, however, the Regression Formula, is reliable and the independent deviators are influential to the deviation. The factor influencing and has direction according to the assumption to the capability in earning profit of the 3 group of the banks, are the ratio of expenses in administration to total income (OEI), showing the efficiency in administration of the large banks which has lowest ratio. The EQLOAN will have influence to the earning of profit in large commercial bank and small commercial bank, which the profit is high when there is higher capital and shareholders' equity. For the RATIOI, this will have influence to the capacity to earn profit only in the group of large bank, by having relationship opposite to capability to earn profit, that is to say investment in securities which are mainly Government Bond will give return lower than from investment in credit. This makes the profit of the bank to decrease. For the case of the bank to decrease. For the case of SP (difference between interests)it will effect the capability to earn profit of large commercial bank alone because large commercial bank has higher SP than other groups, causing the profit to increase. At the same time ratio of doubtful debt to credit, BDLOAN, as influence in making earning of profit by medium size and small size commercial banks, but there is direction that will make the capacity to earn profit higher, which may be due to volume of credit has increase but reserve for doubtful debt may not be established factually, making the bank to earn higher profit. Ratio if income from foreign exchange to total income (GFEI) will have the influence in the capacity to earn profit of small size commercial banks, which will cause increase profit. This is the same as the MKS (market share) will have influence to capability to earn profit by smaller banks alone because the small commercial bank has increase profit from increase market share. This group of banks has increase profit from increase market share. From the study it is found that the expenses in administration is a very important factor effecting the capability to earn profit by all groups of bank. Therefore, the banks must pay attention in the management of expenses in administration, especially in personnel, so that the cost of operation may be lower and result in the bank to have higher profit. In income of the commercial bank, income from interest, there is growth which fluctuate with the expansion and quality of credit and deposit, including difference in interest at different period of time. The bank must pay attention to income from the fee.4 131 - PublicationFactors Influencing Life Insurance Premiums Receipt in Thailand(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1992)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolLife insurance industry in Thailand has been considered a financial institution that plays a significant role in Economic Development. Because it is a source of effective long-term investment funds for either Industrial or Agricultural sectors. On the other hand, life insurance has impacts on way of living.Because it is a savings instrument which savers can use to plan for economic protection due to unexpected loss of breadwinner, therefore, the growth of life insurance industry is significant for living security and Economic Development. Life insurance is a financial institution that receives saving deposits in terms of premiums. The amount of premiums received has increased rapidly in recent years and is going to increase at a higher rate in the near future. The aim of this thesis is, therefore, to study factors affecting the movement of premiums received in life insurance industry in Thailand. The findings may be useful for both government and private sectors to develop long-term planing and policy making which correspond to management objectives of life insurance industry efficiently. The study sets hypothesis that there are 14 factors that influence the change of premium received. The outside factor are composed of Household Savings, Disposable Personal Income, GDP Per Capita, GDP Growth Rate, Fixed Deposits Real Interest Rate, Tax Deductible, Attitude toward life insurance, Number of population in Urban Area and Inflation Rate. The rest are inside factors, i.e. Death Claims per Capita, Number of Branch Offices, Number of Sales Agents, Life Insurance policy Dividends and Amount of Advertising Expenses. While assuming other factors are fixed, those factors would be considered independent variable. The data of amount of premiums received during 1970-1990 was analyzed by correlation model, which shows that there are four factors influencing on amount of premium received, i.e. Commercial Bank's Fixed Deposits Real Interest Rate(x6), Death Claim Per Capita(x8), Number of Sales Agents(x11) and Inflation Rate(x14). When using Multiple Regression Model analyzing independent variables with hypothesis of Significant T at 0.10 we found that probability of Significant T those four factors is within the limit of rejection that those four factors are not influent on amount of premiums received. It is, therefore, accepted that that Fixed Deposits Real Interest rate, Death Claim Per Capita, Number of Sales Agents and Inflation Rate are influent on the amount of premiums received. The result of analyzing regression coefficient of Fixed Deposits Real Interest Rate equals -111.49023 which means that the interest rate is reversely related to amount of premiums received will increase 111.49 million bath because the decrease of interest rate does not motivate people to deposit with commercial banks. People will seek other ways of savings which are more secured. The life insurance is another institution which provides protection and saving in the same time in which increase of amount of premiums received. The regression coefficient of Death Claim Per Capita equals 598.24907 which means that the Death Claim Per Capita relates directly to dependent variable. If the amount of Death Claim Per Capita changes 1 million baht, the amount of premium received will change 598.25 million baht. The finding means that the payment of life Insurance Death Claim could motivate the prospect to buy life insurance policies and increase amount of premiums received. The regression coefficient of Death Claim Per Capita equals 598.24907 which means that the Death Claim per Capita relates directly to dependent variable.If the amount of Death Claim Per Capita changes 1 million baht.The finding means that the payment of life insurance Death Claim could motivate the prospect to buy life insurance policies and increase amount of premiums received. The regression coefficient of Number of Sales Agents 0.38561 which means that the Number of Sales Agents relates to dependent variable at the same direction. If Number of Sales Agents increase 1 person,the amount of premiums received will increase 0.39 million baht.The increase of Number of Sales Agents,therefore,affects the increase of life insurance received. The regression coefficient of Inflation Rate equals -116.48855 which means that the Inflation Rate relates negatively to amount of premiums received. If the Inflation Rate decrease 1 percent the amount of premiums received will increase 116.49 million baht. When inflation increase, the people will have more purchasing power to buy necessities as well as life insurance which affects the increase of premiums received. All regression coefficients were calculated at 90% confidence level, which follows the Regression Model.11 149 - PublicationFactors Influencing Tap Water Demand of a Residential Group: A Case Study in Petchburi Province(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 2002)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolThe main objectives of this study are to investigate socio-economic factors influencing tap water demand of a residential group and forecast tap water demand in petchburi province in the next seven years, including a study on tap water usage behaviors of households in Petchburi and a survey on tap water users' satisfaction of the water supply service provided by Petchburi Waterworks Office. The consequences of the study will be used as a guildeline to forecast tap water demand and improve water supply service in Petchburi to achieve the higher level of satisfaction among the water users there.1 37 - PublicationFactors Influencing the Credit Lending Volume of Thai Commercial Banks Granting to the International Trade Sector(University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, 1994)
; University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. Graduate SchoolInternational Trade plays an essential role in Thailand's national economy. In that it directly affects the country's balance of payment and trade. A country which exports more than it imports will have a surplus trade balance. Thus, if other element in the balance of payments statement remain unchanged, a more secure monetary and financial posture with regard to the public well-being and economic wealth. Quantitatively, this contributes a country's quality of life for it citizens. Thailand is one of the developing countries that is steadily moving towards becoming a newly industrialized country. The government has formulated an export-oriented policy rather than import-oriented one. This can be found from the increasing export trend in the past years.In addition,the government has set the export target on a increasing rate. Thus, by aggressively seeking further improvements in its balance of trade Thailand's citizens will enjoy a higher standard and scale of living. From the facts mentioned above, it is imperative that Thailand's private sectors engage in international trade, obtain cooperation and financial support from financial institutions in terms of short-term, medium-term and long-term fund so as to encourage their viability and competitiveness with other countries. Commercial banks are the financial institutions that play the most important role in encouraging import and export activities in the form of import and export credits and act as the medium for foreign exchange. Additionally, such banks also use the mechanism on matters of international trade since they represent the importer and exporter in trade interactions, including the usage of letters of credit opening for foreign suppliers or letters of credit obtained from foreign purchasers that place an order for products from Thai exporters. This type of commercial bank credit is of high value and is likely to increase. Because of its importance and profitability to banking institution. This study emphasizes the importance of credit extended to this economic sector, importers and exporters, by studying the factors considered by commercial bans as variables in extending letter of credit. The study is divided into two section; the first section analysis the relation between credit lending volume for imports in the form of trust receipt and various independent variable. The second section examines relation between credit and various independent variables. From the study, it found that there are various quantitative variables that expectedly have an influence on the importer and export credit volume. Therefore, econometric is used to form a complex regressive equation to determine those factors that influence the granting of such letters of credit openings. Ordinary Least Square Method is also used to establish the relationship between two types of credit lending volume and various independent variables,using Quarterly data from 1982-1992. The result of both equations shows that actors influence credit lending volume for import in the form of trust receipts, include national import value, trust receipt credit volume in the past quarter,lending volume from foreign financial institutions, lending volume from the bank of Thailand, lending volume from local financial institutions, and total deposits of commercial bank. The factors that have an influence on credit lending volume for export in the form of packing credit include credit volume for export in the past quarter, export value of the country, total deposits of commercial banks, and credit lending volume from the bank of Thailand. These variables are similarly related to the aforementioned ones.5 117
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